![]() This means that older people develop skills in their life-course for the successful adaptation to changes and demands (Jopp et al. Common features of these theories are strategies of older people and their adaptability to deal with negative age-related influences. selection–optimization–compensation theory according to Baltes and Carstensen ( 1996) or two-process model according to Brandtstädter and Renner ( 1990). This unexpected discrepancy between objective and subjective SA indicators might be explained by approaches of adaptation process of ageing, e.g. However, this group of oldest old scores well in subjective criteria, e.g., constructs of subjective well-being (Jopp et al. These questions are of special interest for the fourth age, which is characterized by health restrictions and the need for care (Kruse 2017 Smith and Ryan 2016). Considering these criteria for different age groups and the ageing process as a whole, the following questions need to be asked: How long can this “successfulness” be preserved and which prerequisites are necessary for it? And should success be measured based on objective criteria only? It describes SA as absence of chronic diseases or illness-related impairments while maintaining cognitive and physical functions and an active lifestyle (Rowe and Kahn 1997, 2015). 2014 Katz and Calasanti 2015 Manierre 2018 Martinson and Berridge 2015) is based on objective criteria. This well-known, likewise probably most criticized concept (Cosco et al. The concept of successful ageing (SA) as proposed by Rowe and Kahn ( 1997) aimed at shifting the perspective from a deficit to a resource-oriented focus on ageing to overcome the dichotomy of pathological and normal ageing. Future research on concepts that define successful ageing for the oldest old should consider more holistic markers of success, e.g., outcomes of productive social engagement. These empirical findings reveal a remarkable discrepancy between objective and subjective criteria of SA. Moreover, 11% of objectively measured successful agers do not meet subjective criteria. ![]() The majority of the oldest old (65%) are successful agers in their own subjective perception, which is not in line with objective measurements. However, averages of life satisfaction, affective well-being, positive ageing experience and valuation of life were high. This is in line with the theoretical a priori criterion of 10% in a normal distribution of a sample, while 80% age normally and 10% pathologically. According to Rowe and Kahn’s objective definition, 9% of the sample aged successfully, but one-third (33%) still met four to five SA criteria. In this survey on quality of life and well-being, multiple linear and logistic regression models were used to calculate the distribution of successful agers. Therefore, successful ageing was examined in a population-based representative sample of N = 1863 people aged 80 to 102 (NRW80+) with 11% living in institutionalized settings. Despite rapid increase of people aged 80 and over, concepts of successful ageing (SA) are primarily examined for people below that age. ![]()
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